Ibindi bikoresho bya peteroli
Ibindi bikoresho bya peteroli
Hydrasiyo ni reaction aho amazi ahuza nibindi bintu kugirango akore molekile imwe.Molekile y'amazi hamwe na hydrogène yayo na hydroxyl hamwe na molekile yibintu byongewemo kugirango hongerwemo ibintu bishya, muriki gikorwa bigira uruhare runini mubintu byitwa hydration catalyst, ubu buryo bwa synthesis bwakoreshejwe mubikorwa bya chimique organic.Hydrated process ni bumwe muburyo bwo guhuza ibinyabuzima, ariko nkuburyo bwingenzi bwo kubyaza umusaruro, bugarukira gusa ku bicuruzwa bike, nka Ethanol na diol.
Umwuma urashobora gukorwa nubushuhe cyangwa catalizator cyangwa nukwitwara hamwe na hydride.Imyunyu ngugu ni inzira ihindagurika ya hydration reaction, mubisanzwe reaction ya endothermic reaction, mubisanzwe, ubushyuhe bwinshi hamwe numuvuduko muke bifasha kubyitwaramo.Byongeye kandi, ibyinshi mubikorwa byo kubura umwuma bigomba gukorwa imbere ya catalizator.Cataliseri ikoreshwa mugikorwa cya hydrata - catisale ya aside nayo ikwiranye no kubura umwuma, bikunze gukoreshwa ni aside sulfurike, aside fosifori, okiside ya aluminium nibindi.Catalizaires zitandukanye zifite ibicuruzwa byingenzi kandi bihitamo byinshi.
Alkylation niyimurwa ryitsinda rya alkyl kuva kuri molekile imwe kurindi.Igisubizo aho itsinda rya alkyl (methyl, ethyl, nibindi) ryinjizwa muri molekile ikomatanya.Ibikoresho bya alkylation bikunze gukoreshwa mu nganda ni olefin, halane, alkyl sulfate ester, nibindi.
Muburyo busanzwe bwo gutunganya, sisitemu ya alkylation ihuza alukene yuburemere buke (cyane cyane propylene na butene) hamwe na isobutane ikoresheje catalizator (acide sulfonique cyangwa hydrofluoric aside) ikora alkylate (cyane cyane octane yo hejuru, alkane kuruhande).Alkylation reaction irashobora kugabanywamo alkylation yumuriro na catalitiki alkylation.Bitewe n'ubushyuhe bwo hejuru bwa alkylation yumuriro, biroroshye kubyara pyrolysis nibindi bitekerezo, bityo uburyo bwa catalitiki alkylation bwakoreshejwe mubikorwa.
Kubera ko aside sulfurike na aside hydrofluoric bifite aside ikomeye, kwangirika kwibikoresho birakomeye.Kubwibyo, duhereye ku musaruro utekanye no kurengera ibidukikije, izi catalizator zombi ntabwo ari umusemburo mwiza.Kugeza ubu, superacid ikomeye ikoreshwa nka catalizike ya alkylation, ariko ntabwo igeze murwego rwo gukoresha inganda kugeza ubu.
Guhuza isomer imwe nindi.Inzira yo guhindura imiterere yikomatanya idahinduye ibiyigize cyangwa uburemere bwa molekile.Guhindura mumwanya wa atome cyangwa itsinda muri molekile ikomatanya.Akenshi imbere ya catalizator.
Ubwoko bumwe bwa hydrocarubone burashobora guhinduka mubwoko bubiri bwa hydrocarubone ukoresheje inzira yo kudahuzagurika, bityo kutagabana ni bumwe muburyo bwingenzi bwo kugenzura itangwa rya hydrocarubone mu nganda.Porogaramu zingenzi cyane ni ukutagereranya kwa toluene kugirango wongere umusaruro wa xylene no kubyara benzene isukuye icyarimwe, hamwe na propylene itagereranywa kugirango itange triolefin yuburyo bwa polymer yo mu rwego rwa polymer na butene yera cyane.Guhindura toluene kuri benzene na xylene muri rusange ikoresha catalizike ya silicon.Kugeza ubu, ubushakashatsi buzwi cyane ni catalizike ya molekile, nka meridionite yo mu bwoko bwa silik molekile.
Andika ubutumwa bwawe hano hanyuma utwohereze
